Friday, April 25, 2008

Universal Sacred Space

Our Universal Sacred Space is called the All Religions Unity and Faith Center for Peace. We chose this name because this shrine we created is universal and full with people of all backgrounds. Because of The Circle of Unity, the special structure we have in our sacred space, we think that the name reflects on the diverse people included on this structure and the various religions. We think that this name is very interesting and eye catching in that passerby people will wonder why some sacred place would be universally encompassed. We think that this place will be a hit among the peace loving people. They will read the center name and decide to become members and find out what it is all about. This center name will also cause some people tired with war, which are very common nowadays, and those curious about other religions and cultures to visit.
We will be using an octagon space, for its harmony and honest representation. We chose this for its cross between a circular base (commonly an ancient design) and geometrical ones (like in the pyramids, Dome of the Rock, Rothko Chapel, which all employs sides and geometrical polygons).
The building is white in color to fade in the natural sunlight. We think that there is something special about the sunlight that seems to generate a calm spirit and cheer. White is a symbol of peace. We agree on white for its emphasis on peace and serenity as well as the beauty upon green grass and blue sky on a sunny day, which will reflect of white to make a pleasurable atmosphere.
The structure should be big enough for visitors, but not so big that it seems grandeur or overdone; modesty is a value respected by all. The size should be large enough for approximately four hundred people. We chose this size because anything larger can take away from much needed intimacy. A mega space such as many of the Christian Churches in DFW can be so impersonal. Also, this will make the space less crowded and less bumping and complaints will be issued. However, many local centers should be present so that all religions and cultures can connect but with a more personal outlook!
We decided that we needed a roof without symbols but massive enough to draw attention. A steeple would represent a church which may offend other religions. A neutral ornament or no ornamentation would be much more appropriate. Personally, we think we should have a circular sort of roof that embraces the top of the octagonal center. We should also have a golden metallic roof, so that people can be attracted to it. The metallic will reflect the sun and cause shine, which will bring attention to the space. It should be in a popular place so that people can view it more frequently, and it should still not be too small, but rather big compared to other houses and normal buildings to attract attention from passerby people. We love the idea of an open hole in the center to allow in light and allow visitors to see the heavens, sky and stars. There will be a huge skylight so as to give the “nature” experience, and as some of our team members discussed wanting to have no roof, this will give that feeling while still adding some zing to the structure by adding a metallic roof.
We thought that there should be natural and minimal ornamentation when it comes to the sacred space. The Rothko Chapel has a great water feature which seems to calm the sprit before entering the space of meditation. There should be writings on the windows that talk about unity, peace and universal brother and sisterhood. It should be like in the Dome of the Rock, except with a universal religious touch. We should have these things on the entrance as well. We should have plants and lights around the building to keep the place neutral of religion and more of one thing: to worship God/Gods and praise His/Their creations. We should also have the writings engraved on colored glass windows. We should also have a few statues or objects that represent coming together and peace, or common ideas and values. Furthermore, we should dedicate one holiday or weekend to the center, where people may have special privileges and parties while enjoying this holiday in the religious center.
First of all we should have an entrance that all visitors enter and exit through, so they share the same experience when first entering and leaving. One entrance should be facing the east for the rising of the sun and an exit facing the west for the setting of the sun. This idea is both simple but effective. This should represent the coming of the and as the day goes by, they leave, as does the sun. It adds a sort of spiritual romantic attitude to the place. We think that it should have writings, for example on windows, which write about unity and peace. We also think that it should be square and symmetric, to emphasize trust and harmony. Furthermore, most of us agree the sun rises and sets in the same place each day. It should have a semicircular top that should be colored glass and beautiful.
We want common rooms for all religions, no separate rooms for a separate religion. We think that the interior space should be used primarily for meditation, and so the meditation room is going to be the biggest and will have no ornamentation at all. There will be mostly open space, but we will have other rooms, such as:
- Conference Center, this is where different leaders and members can meet, as well as where decisions about the center are made.
-Reception Area, where different people can meet together and new people will be introduced to the community.
- Unity Chamber, where all can do some sort of unity jig or ceremony to celebrate religions of the whole world.
- Party Area, to organize wedding and funerals as well as one universal holiday!
- Meditation Room, very large, no ornamentation and where people can meditate
- Reading Room, where religions can learn about each other
- Learning Place, where children are taught the basic values of unity, peace and harmony and good values are instructed.
- A Playground and Garden Area, where people can just have fun and enjoy their stay in the Religious center! Here they can value God/Gods creations and see its beauty in action. Parents will enjoy this playground for their kids and be compelled to join the religious center and hear what it speaks.

We should have abstract sculpture in the space so as not to distract from those meditating. Seating is optional but may be needed during special ceremonies. We think that there should be one very special structure to the sacred space, and that it should be named The Circle of Unity. In this structure, we should make a bunch of people of all races and make them holding hands in a circle. We should emphasize the individuality of each religion, but make it look like they are all together and worshipping together as one. This will make very religious people feel like they are in the right place for the right reasons, to keep their religion, but to interact, pray and meditate with others! Inside the Circle of Unity, there should be a circle inside it, which should have written words engraved on it. These words should speak of unity and togetherness. We should have other structures for people to sit and enjoy the space. A large globe should be in middle of the structure to provide a since of togetherness of the world's religion and there should be a water fountain around the globe structure.
The exterior is a great place for water features, vegetation native of the area and abstract sculpture. We think that we should use the color to reflect the sun. We should use natural plants and animals, birds, for instance, to make the whole place look like
God/Gods brilliant works! We should try to make the meditation room simple, but we should make other areas more natural and arboreal. We think nature stuff should definitely be in the midst on the center, and the color should reflect off the metallic roof to attract visitors. The windows are to be colored, like Chartes Cathedral and have written words, like in the Dome of the Rock. The sun coming through the colored windows with written words on it will make the writing more noticeable and readable.
Because nature is an experience common to people around the world, (the sun, the earth water, plants etc.,) we think making it a major theme of our universal space would work. The floor should have a natural feel to it to make people feel like they are still in nature while inside the shrine. We want a garden present somewhere at the site and incorporate a special portion of the structure to have a skylight.
We should have an opening ceremony every year to keep the energy going for the religious center. The opening ceremony can draw and invite religious leaders from around the world. We should invite different cultures' speakers and religious leaders to talk about unity and peace. The focus can be on their religions and help to spread it to other religions. This is a great way to share your faith with other nations and cultures.
We will make common ground speeches that will discuss the brilliance of being together to meditate and pray. A quarterly event can be sponsored to introduce a specific religion to the area. Because of the curiosity and interest of people in grand leaders and new religions, more people will join the structure and realize the brilliance of going “universal”. We should offer people trips to go around the world and witness various religious centers. This will provide an opportunity for peacemaking and diversity to be introduced. We should offer a tour or a video clip about religious destinations in the world as part of our weekly magazine and an essay about each religious space. In the opening ceremony, we should have an event something like the Olympics where it is held every 4 years or so. We certainly wouldn't want to do anything to cheapen it like advertising it as if it is a theme park. It would also be nice for people to visit on their own time when it might be less crowded. Visitors do not necessarily have to be there at the same time to have the same "universal" experience. We think the place should be advertised as a place to find one's self instead of finding religious sanctuary. There should be a nice opening to unveil the structure and invite the community. Offer the structure to the world with a website and get local business to help promote the hotels around the structure.
Inside our Sacred Space, we have a special structure called “The Circle of Unity”. We think it should be completely secular and just symbolic. We decided to make people of all races holding hands in a circle while emphasizing the individuality of each religion, but make it look like they are all together and worshiping like best friends. This will make very religious people feel like they are in the right place for the right reasons, to keep their religion, but to interact and pray and meditate with other people of different religions!

Wednesday, April 9, 2008

Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai

Cory Malone
Profile of a Sacred Space
April 4th, 2008

Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai

General Description

Located in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai is one of the oldest, still functioning Christian monasteries in the world. It is considered a sacred space to all three major monotheistic religions, and was built at the site where Moses is said to have encountered the burning bush and received the Ten Commandments. The first construction at the site was known as The Chapel of the Burning Bush and took place under order of Empress Helen, the mother of Constantine. Emporer Justinian I ordered the construction of Saint Catherine's Monastery to surround the chapel sometime later between the years 527 and 565 A.D. It's purpose was primarily to house the remains of Saint Catherine of Alexandria for which it is named, but also to protect nearby monks. Besides being a working monastery, it also houses a spectacular collection of historic art, religious pieces, and one of the largest collections of ancient manuscripts.

Architectural Design

The monastary was designed by Architect Stephen of Aila. It is considered one of the earliest examples of Byzantine Architecture, and displays many commomn characteristics with this Architectural style. When Saint Catherine's Monastery was first constructed it was essential that it provide protection for the monks, so it was built primarily as a fortress. The exterior granite walls range from 8 to 35 meters tall, and the original entrance was very small and almost thirty feet above the ground making it difficult for unwanted invaders.Inside the walls, the complex includes chapels, libraries, museums and buildings necessary for the monk's everyday lives and activities.

Harmony with Nature

One of the most prominent aspects of Saint Catherine's Monastery is the harmony it posesses with the surrounding nature. The complex is almost hidden within the surrounding arid landscape and cliffs, and the cypress trees grow both around and inside the walls. The chapel also houses what is said to be the still living burning bush, among many other native plants of the area. It is also considered one of the most spectacular places to see art in a natural setting.

Symbolism and Sacred Objects

The Chapel of the Burning Bush contained within Saint Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai was built at the site where Moses encountered the burning bush, and housed inside the chapel is a still living bush said to be the original one. Visitors are required to take off their shoes when entering the chapel as Moses did, and there are several examples of religious symbolism in the monk's daily activities and rituals. The monastery is named for Saint Catherine, and many of the sacred objects and symbolism are related her. A Christian martyr, it is said that after her death angels brought her remains to the site at Mount Sinai. The monastery is also home to thousands of important works of art, sacred to several different faiths, and the second largest collection of manuscripts is housed here second only to the Vatican.

How it is Used by Worshippers

Pilgramages to Saint Catherine's Cathedral and the general area of Mount Sinia have taken place for hundreds of years. The site is considered sacred to Judaism, Christianity and Islam and houses art and relics significant to all three. The Monastery is one of the oldest still functioning Christian Monastaries in the world, and is home to one of the smallest diocese of around ten to twenty monks of the Greek Orthodox faith.

Sources

Tour Egypt Website. 1997-2008.
http://touregypt.net/Catherines.htm

Sacred Sites Website
http://www.sacredsites.com/africa/egypt/mount_sinai.html

Atlas Tours Website.
http://www.atlastours.net/egypt/st_catherine.html

All Sinai Website
http://www.allsinai.info/sites/sites/st_catherine.htm

Geographia Website
http://www.geographia.com/egypt/sinai/stcatherine.html

Stonehenge

Stonehenge
By Jeffrey Lloyd

General Description

The Stonehenge was originally built in three stages. The first stage was constructed around 3100 B.C. as a circular ditch and wood. The structure was rebuilt around 2500 B.C. with bluestones from the Percelli Mountains to complete the second stage. The third stage was built and is the current build of Stonehenge. The structure was much bigger and used much heavier stones then the previous stage. Over the thousands of years the stones have fallen over and weathered and worn and pieces have been removed to build roads. The surrounding landscape is very rich and the site of ancient burial grounds.

Architectural Design

The final stage of Stonehenge, which is what we see today, was constructed with stones from Marborough Downs about twenty miles from the structure’s site. The stones are estimated at weighing close to 45 tons and it is unknown how they were lifted up right. The up right stones are supported by the top stones, which were linked together with wooden joints. The design formed a circle and was aligned with the sunrise.

Harmony with Nature

The environment around Stonehenge is very rich and ravishing. There are five major spots to see. Stonehenge Downs is a wide-open field that is flourishing with brown hare rabbit and the skylark bird. King Barrow Ridge houses the ancient ceremonial burial mounds. Normanton Down is the largest burial grounds that leads to Stonehenge. Durrington Walls is the home of a rare Neolithic village. Winterbourne Stoke Barrows is a burial site for higher class people.

Symbolism and Sacred Objects

Stonehenge is used an observatory and was used to predict lunar events. The uprights are aligned with the sunrise and was used to predict lunar alignments. In the second phase of the building of Stonehenge the bluestones were marked with symbols.


Sources

http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.881. Historical Background. English Heritage. Retrieved on 3-27-2008

http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-stonehengelandscape/. Stonehenge Landscape. National Trust. Retrieved on 4-3-2008

http://mactia.berkeley.edu:16080/f2003/anthro2/contributions/08_ritual/rituastonehenge.htm. Ritual, Symbolism, and Belief at Stonehenge. MACTiA 2004. Retrieved on 4-3-2008

The Rothco Chapel

THE ROTHCO CHAPEL
By Charlotte London




GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The couple, John and Dominique de Menil was so impressed with the work of Mark Rothko that they commissioned his art for a chapel in Houston, Texas. The chapel was initially to be a space for catholic worshippers. The de Menil’s agreed it was best to share the chapel with all religions. The nondenominational Chapel drew respect from visitors such as Arch Bishop Desmond Tutu and Jimmy Carter, to name a few. The de Menil’s were extremely generous people. They were concerned about human rights, as well as sharing their love for art with others. The space is used as a Chapel, as well as a museum.

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

The Chapel was designed by Philip Johnson but completed by Howard Barnstone and Eugene Aubry. The octagon shaped building boasts a sky light which is perfect for viewing the art work in natural light. The sunlight is showered into the space which just adds to the meditative aspects of the chapel. The entrance is located at the south end of the structure. The interior space boasts no distractions for its visitors. There are no flowers, no signs, no alter and miniminal seating in the Chapel. The colorful artwork by artist, Rothko is the focal point. The abstract pieces are also not a distraction to visitors. The pieces are thought provoking and spark conversation. The seating is 4 long benches which are strategically placed to face the north, south, east and west walls.

HARMONY and NATURE
The front south side entrance displays a sculpture, BROKEN OBELISK by Barnett Newman. The sculpture sits in a reflecting pool. After much debate the Broken Obelisk was dedicated to the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The Cor-Ten steel takes on a rustic appearance as it rusts in the humid Houston climate. The natural light floods the interior space of the Chapel. The white color of the structure seems to disappear against the Houston, Texas skyline. The Chapel is nestled in between numerous trees on the site.

SYMBOLISM and SACRED OBJECTS
The Broken Obelisk symbolizes perfect balance. The pyramid base points upward to the Broken Obelisk while the point of the Broken Obelisk points to the pyramid. The smallest areas of the objects join together to make one large balanced sculpture. This is the over all theme of the Chapel. The Chapel brings people from differing back grounds together in a neutral and balanced space. The reflecting pool and Obelisk which are at the Chapel entrance tends to make you think of peace, calmness and serenity prior to entering the Chapel space.

HOW IS IT USED BY WORSHIPPERS
The space is used as a meditative space for worshippers. Others use it for research, reflection, weddings and inspiration. What a great place to just sit and think. Worshippers of all religions can serve their god in this space. A major debate regarding allowing same sex marriage was finally resolved by the Chapels founders. After much consideration and pleading by interested gay activists the space was finally opened to gay marriage ceremonies. Gene Harrington, an Aids Activist was the catalyst for this change. There is no music, no instruments and especially no flowers in the space.





Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacán

Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacán
By Johar Manzar






General Description

The Pyramid of the Sun is one of the largest structures in all of Mesoamerica and is in fact the largest in all of Teotihuacán, which had a population of around 100,000 people. Its construction began in 100 AD and it became the third largest pyramid in the world after the Great Pyramid of Cholula and The Great Pyramid. There were three stages to the construction of this pyramid, the first stage was the main building and making it the size it is today, the second stage involved building an altar, which has not survived to be present today, and in the third stage the Adosada platform was built. The first excavation that took place of the pyramid was done by Leopoldo Batres in the early twentieth century. This pyramid, later excanvantionists discovered, was used for very religious purposes and involved sacrifices, as discovered by bones surrounding the area. Teotihuacán was a booming center of Mesoamerica and survived on the currency of an abundant Teotihuacán native volcanic glass called the Obsidian, which provided power and royalty to this city. This is the gem the provided people with will to sacrifice their own life for the well being of the city. However, later on, a mysterious catastrophe came to loom upon the Teotihuacános which reduced the population by about half. Later on, the city was burned and destroyed by foreigners and war enemies, and so it was mysteriously abandoned.

Architectural Design

The Pyramid is 738 feet across and 246 feet high, a monumentous size for a pyramid. This size just explains the authority of the Teotihuacán rulers and the cohesion of the Teotihuacános who built this pyramid. On this structure, the Teotihuacános splattered lime all around, over which they painted brightly red colored murals and artwork, none of which have survived, leaving a stone colored Pyramid in its being. This structure was built in a specific pattern, with the much smaller Pyramid of the Moon right along the corner. The significance of the Pyramid of the Sun was that it was at the center of the cross shaped streets of Teotihuacán. Large stairs encased the pyramid on all four sides, and inside the pyramid are large chambers, thought to be used for human sacrifice. Very tight hallways lead to the chambers and there is an eerie glow inside them. The many chambers are big and spacious, and one of them has a tomb. The Pyramid of the Sun and Moon are connected together via the Avenue of the Dead, a burial site used to bury the sacrificed.

Harmony with Nature

Just as the name implies, the Pyramid of the Sun is oriented towards the northwest of the horizon of the sun on two important Teotihuacáno days of the year. The days were August 12 and April 29, which is about one calendar year for the Teotihuacános. August 12 marked the beginning of the calnedar for the Mayans. Many astrological events can be seen from the Pyramid of the Sun, which were important for the Teotihuacános in terms of agriculture and belief systems of the ancient city.

Symbolism and Sacred Objects

There is a lavishly decorated tomb in one chamber of the Pyramid of the Sun, and around this tomb there are engravings of the various afterlives the dead will enjoy. There is explicit implication towards a waterhole, where one anthropologist explored and declared that he felt like he was actually going into another world. The pyramids had many paintings and artwork inside, which echoed their thoughts about the afterlife.

How it is used by Worshippers

The Pyramid of the Sun was used as a sacrificial center, where visitors decided to turn in their lives as herores and become Gods in their afterlives. Priests would peform rituals in both the Pyramid of the Sun as well as the Pyramid of the Moon. The Pyramid of the Sun holds many human bones and burial sites around it, such as the Avenue of the Dead, which explains its use during the time when Teotihuacán ruled in Mesoamerican times.

Sources

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Felsendom_mit_Kettendom_2006.JPG

http://www.sacred-destinations.com/mexico/images/teotihuacan/pyramid-moon-from-sun-cc-abourdeu.jpg

http://www.atlastours.net/holyland/dome_of_the_rock.html

http://www.metmuseum.org/TOAH/HD/teot2/hd_teot2.htm

Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem, Israel

Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem, Israel
By Gohar Manzar


General Description

The Dome of the Rock, in Jerusalem, Israel, is a magnificent shrine built somewhere between 685 and 691 AD. The platform upon which it is built is known as the Temple Mount to the Jewish people and as Haram al-Sharif to the Muslim people. This temple was originally the rock of Mount Moriah. This structure was remodeled during the rule of Herod the Great, who made the platform much larger than it was previously. The platform was originally built by Muslims, specifically by the Muslim Caliph AbdulMalek bin Marwan, in the seventh century, but was later consecrated by Christians during the Crusades, but was later reconquered by Muslims, more specifically, Salahuddin Al-Ayyoubi. Currently, starting 19548, there are ensuing conflicts over which religion, the Jews, Christians or Muslims, should get right to worship most freely and frequently in this shrine.

Architectural Design

The dome of the octagonal structure is twelve times fifteen meters. Under the rock, there is a specific structure known as the Cave of Souls. On four sides of the octagon, which is made of porcelean, there are large gates that are arched. Each arch points north, south, east and west. The outer part of the dome has a radius of ten and a half meters while the inner part of the dome has a radius of ten meters. There are eight stairways that lead to the platform on the Dome of the Rock. On the top of the dome is a sun dial, which is interestingly accurate to five minutes of actual time. This shrine has fifty-four windows, of which two are clear glass and thirty-six are colored. Some of these windows have Quranic verses and are one of the most extravangant windows of the entire world.




Harmony with Nature

The colors of this building signify the color of beauty and wealth. The 24 karat gold and the soothing cyan colors beautifully match together to form a breathtaking exterior, which is beautifully engraved in various moisaics and engraings, including writings from the Quran, the muslim holy book. The dome is very symmetrical as is rest of the octagonal building, uniquely shaped and holding various designs, details and colored glasses that reflect the tranquil and delicate beauty of nature.

Symbolism and Sacred Objects

The Dome of the Rock has a very significant role in the religions of Christianity, Islam and Judaism, the three major monotheistic religions of the world. It is used as a prayer site for Muslims. There is a story written in the Quran about the Prophet Muhammad as he journeyed into heaven, and on the way of this Miraj, he prayed with all the other prophets (Rasools) in the Dome of the Rock, called the Masjid Al-Aqsa by Muslims. From the roof of this structure, the Prophet Muhammad ascended into the glorious depths of heaven with the angel Gabriel. This place, after the Kabah in Makkah and the home of Prophet Muhammad, in Medina, is the third most holy place in the Islamic religion. On the roof interior in the Dome of the Rock, there are engraved writings of Sura-Yaseen, a chapter of the Quran. Many Azaan clocks (clocks that can read the Azaan, a call for prayer) are elaborately shaped like the Dome of The Rock. In the Christian religion, this is the site where Abraham was going to sacrifice his son, Isaac. He was about to do so on a rock that protruded from the platform. On this same platform, Solomon built his temple. It is also seen as the Second Coming of Christ for some Christians.

How it is used by Worshippers

For Jewish people, the location of the stone on the platform is the holiest place on earth, being the place for the Holy of Holies during the Temple Period. For Christians, it is a beautiful shrine to the Virgin Mary and Jesus, and is called the Church of Holy Wisdom. In Islam, this is a Masjid (a place of prayer for Muslim people) which is known as Masjid Al-Aqsa. Holding a large number of people, one-thousand-five-hundred at prayer, this shrine has separate rooms for men and women, as dictated by the Islamic religion. The room is held for only women during Al-Asr Salaat (prayer), which takes place in the afternoon and is open to every Muslim in Friday, the Muslim’s holy day of the week.


Sources

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Felsendom_mit_Kettendom_2006.JPG

http://witcombe.sbc.edu/sacredplaces/domeofrock.html

http://www.atlastours.net/holyland/dome_of_the_rock.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock